Keith Morton. "The Irony of Service: Charity, Project, and Social Change in Service Learning." Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 2 (1995): 19-32.
Morton rejects the prevailing notion that there exists a continuum of types of service and that faculty need to move students away from volunteerism toward advocacy. Instead, he proposes three distinct paradigms: charity, project, and social change, each having a set of logics and the potential for thin or thick execution, integrity, and depth.
"Most commonly, a service continuum is presented as running from charity to advocacy, from the personal to the political, from individual acts of caring that transcend time and space to collective action on mutual concerns that are grounded in particular places and histories" (20). In the continuum model, charity is painted as "giving of the self" with no concern for "lasting impact" (20). Advocacy, meanwhile, is concerned with change and is more "mature" and "complex" (20). Thus, something to move students toward, as it has greater concern with root causes and investment in relationships (21).
Instead, acknowledge that each has its own logic. We should thus be "challenging and supporting students to enter more deeply into the paradign in which they work; and intentionally exposing students to creative dissonance among the three forms" (21).
Charity's limited in that the work is fragmentary, focuses on deficits, and can create a dependency (21), but positive in that the work is person-centered and spiritually rich (25-26). Project models emphasize community problems and develop plans for solving those problems (21), the limitations being that sometimes there are unforseen consequences, universities are painted as saviors/experts, and can lack flexibility (22) and that the motivator for addressing problems can be a negative emotion like anger (27). Social change models involve collaborative work that reveals and analyzes root causes of injustice and power imbalances (22).
Any of these might be "thin" if "paternalistic" or fails to offer alternatives or "leave people tired and cynical" (28). "Thick" if "grounded in deeply held, internally coherent values; match means and ends, describe a primary way of interpreting and relating to the world; offer a way of defining problems and solutions; and suggest a vision of what a transformed world might look like" (28).
Showing posts with label service learning. Show all posts
Showing posts with label service learning. Show all posts
Tuesday, September 11, 2007
Friday, September 7, 2007
Long
Long, Sarah E. "The New Student Politics: The Wingspread Statement on Civic Engagement." Second Edition. Providence, Rhode Island: Campus Compact, 2002.
The official statement-cum-manifesto of the 2001 Wingspread Summit on Student Civic Engagement, which gathered 33 undergraduate activists and volunteers to discuss civic engagement.
I: Democracy and Education
Long et al argue that statisticians have got it wrong when they only use markers like voting to measure engagement, which they feel has "multiple manifestations" including the arts (alt papers, poetry slams) and involvement with the local or the global instead of the national level. They find "conventional politics...inaccessible" and state that "service is a viable and preferable (if not superior) alternative" (1). Countering binary thinking of much of the literature, they argue that service is an "alternative politics" where they: build relationships, learn organizing skills, increase awareness, and strategize for problem solving and social change. In other words, it's a step toward more traditional politics (2). They get involved for a variety of reasons (many overlooked or not well understood) including faith-inspired reasons and special interests rooted in identity markers. Service has more potential than traditional politics of bringing voiceless into the process of decision-making. "Democracy is defined less in terms of civic obligation than of the social responsibility of the individual" (5)...Long et al want to reclaim the rhetoric of the individual and frame engagement as personal and rooted in individual and/or sub-cultural identity. But they want context too: "The realization that individual choices have larger public repercussions is an integral piece of one's moral, social, intellectual, and civic development" (6). They see service as an incremental, developmental step toward traditional politics.
They suggest that ASL programs 1) avoid making agencies or community partners feel like they're being studied or objectified, 2) orient students into the community and the work they'll be doing, 3) emphasize quality of experience over minimum numbers of hours, 4) transcend the administrative imperative to use service as good p.r. for the university, 5) "teach us the community-building/organizing skills that we need" (8), foreground reciprocity, 6) devote material resources, 7) involve students in program development and leadership, giving them a real voice in the process, 8) avoid the too-common model of higher ed where "we are encouraged to be primarily consumers of knowledge and democracy--not active producers" (12).
II: Service and Politics
Long et al develop a model of the modes of civic engagement: conventional politics, community service, and "service politics." They reject the notion that service and volunteerism is necessarily apolitical, instead seeing the service-to-politics process as a developmental one.
They define conventional politics as electoral politics and/or working with institutions like political parties and special interest groups. Community service on the other hand is no less engaged with social issues or critical understandings of social context. The latter is more desirable for many young people who "dislike the institutional focus" and have an "anti-institutional bias." They use the analogy of formal religion and say the service is imperative is like having an individual spirituality that one follows. The third mode, "service politics," "becomes the means through which students can move from community service to political engagement. Those who develop connections to larger systemic issues building on their roots in community service adopt a framework through which service politics leads to greater social change" (18). They "find contemporary political life distasteful and unresponsive to their efforts" (19). Service politics can look at root causes of social problems: "Service politics is a form of civic engagement that looks at systems, while service is typicallty geared toward symptoms" (19). Activism can be a natural outgrowth of service politics.
Some thoughts: my work with SPHB can follow this service politics model. They do the work, study context, do project-based learning, and then their research papers can be the moment of political praxis. I don't impose an agenda, but give them resources and opportunities for political awareness and consciousness and contextual understanding of social problems. Then, allow them, through their own term papers, to involve themselves in material change.
Students may be drawn to service work for affective reasons. The feel-good nature of volunteerism which avoids the agonism of activism. But perhaps faculty are drawn to activism for affective reasons--a bodily and passionate attraction-cum-romance for activism (with a twinge of nostalgia)?
The official statement-cum-manifesto of the 2001 Wingspread Summit on Student Civic Engagement, which gathered 33 undergraduate activists and volunteers to discuss civic engagement.
I: Democracy and Education
Long et al argue that statisticians have got it wrong when they only use markers like voting to measure engagement, which they feel has "multiple manifestations" including the arts (alt papers, poetry slams) and involvement with the local or the global instead of the national level. They find "conventional politics...inaccessible" and state that "service is a viable and preferable (if not superior) alternative" (1). Countering binary thinking of much of the literature, they argue that service is an "alternative politics" where they: build relationships, learn organizing skills, increase awareness, and strategize for problem solving and social change. In other words, it's a step toward more traditional politics (2). They get involved for a variety of reasons (many overlooked or not well understood) including faith-inspired reasons and special interests rooted in identity markers. Service has more potential than traditional politics of bringing voiceless into the process of decision-making. "Democracy is defined less in terms of civic obligation than of the social responsibility of the individual" (5)...Long et al want to reclaim the rhetoric of the individual and frame engagement as personal and rooted in individual and/or sub-cultural identity. But they want context too: "The realization that individual choices have larger public repercussions is an integral piece of one's moral, social, intellectual, and civic development" (6). They see service as an incremental, developmental step toward traditional politics.
They suggest that ASL programs 1) avoid making agencies or community partners feel like they're being studied or objectified, 2) orient students into the community and the work they'll be doing, 3) emphasize quality of experience over minimum numbers of hours, 4) transcend the administrative imperative to use service as good p.r. for the university, 5) "teach us the community-building/organizing skills that we need" (8), foreground reciprocity, 6) devote material resources, 7) involve students in program development and leadership, giving them a real voice in the process, 8) avoid the too-common model of higher ed where "we are encouraged to be primarily consumers of knowledge and democracy--not active producers" (12).
II: Service and Politics
Long et al develop a model of the modes of civic engagement: conventional politics, community service, and "service politics." They reject the notion that service and volunteerism is necessarily apolitical, instead seeing the service-to-politics process as a developmental one.
They define conventional politics as electoral politics and/or working with institutions like political parties and special interest groups. Community service on the other hand is no less engaged with social issues or critical understandings of social context. The latter is more desirable for many young people who "dislike the institutional focus" and have an "anti-institutional bias." They use the analogy of formal religion and say the service is imperative is like having an individual spirituality that one follows. The third mode, "service politics," "becomes the means through which students can move from community service to political engagement. Those who develop connections to larger systemic issues building on their roots in community service adopt a framework through which service politics leads to greater social change" (18). They "find contemporary political life distasteful and unresponsive to their efforts" (19). Service politics can look at root causes of social problems: "Service politics is a form of civic engagement that looks at systems, while service is typicallty geared toward symptoms" (19). Activism can be a natural outgrowth of service politics.
Some thoughts: my work with SPHB can follow this service politics model. They do the work, study context, do project-based learning, and then their research papers can be the moment of political praxis. I don't impose an agenda, but give them resources and opportunities for political awareness and consciousness and contextual understanding of social problems. Then, allow them, through their own term papers, to involve themselves in material change.
Students may be drawn to service work for affective reasons. The feel-good nature of volunteerism which avoids the agonism of activism. But perhaps faculty are drawn to activism for affective reasons--a bodily and passionate attraction-cum-romance for activism (with a twinge of nostalgia)?
Monday, August 20, 2007
Deans, b
Deans, Tom. "Shifting Locations, Genres, and Motives: An Activity Theory Analysis of Service-Learning Writing Pedagogies." The Locations of Composition. Ed. Christopher J. Keller and Christian R. Weisser. Albany: State U of New York P, 2007. 289-306.
Deans argues that looking at the location of writing (classroom to community agency) is less useful than looking at the activity system of writing because we then begin "thinking about the interactions and contradictions between two activity systems (the university and the community partner organization)" (290). An activity system is like a discourse community, but one that is perpetually dynamic, in flux (291). The activity system provides a vocabulary for analysis of relationships: tools/genres, subjects, rules, objects/motives, community, and division of labor. This type of analysis is more multi-faceted than place-based analysis: e.g., genre analysis, looking at explicit and implicit motives of multiple agents, the contradictions from student perspectives (working for a grade vs. working for agency's betterment) and faculty perspectives (the agency/power of professor vs. that of the site supervisor).
Deans argues that looking at the location of writing (classroom to community agency) is less useful than looking at the activity system of writing because we then begin "thinking about the interactions and contradictions between two activity systems (the university and the community partner organization)" (290). An activity system is like a discourse community, but one that is perpetually dynamic, in flux (291). The activity system provides a vocabulary for analysis of relationships: tools/genres, subjects, rules, objects/motives, community, and division of labor. This type of analysis is more multi-faceted than place-based analysis: e.g., genre analysis, looking at explicit and implicit motives of multiple agents, the contradictions from student perspectives (working for a grade vs. working for agency's betterment) and faculty perspectives (the agency/power of professor vs. that of the site supervisor).
Hesford
Hesford, Wendy S. "Global/Local Labor Politics and the Promise of Service Learning." Radical Relevance: Toward a Scholarship of the Whole Left. Ed. Laura Gray-Rosendale and Steven Rosendale. Albany: State U of New York P, 2005. 183-202.
Hesford reviews the implications of the globalized and corporatized university, including consumerist models of curriculum and pedagogy, calling upon her audience to interrogate how ASL accepts/rejects exploitative labor practices. ASL provides labor as well as value for both higher ed and community agencies and we should be aware, Hesford writes, of how specific programs impact labor and material realities. E.g., she explains how her students provided volunteer labor to a shelter that had formerly relied upon public moneys. Do ASL programs facilitate decreased state funding for social services? Further, one year the shelter failed to garner a grant for funding labor during the summer (when it felt the lack of student labor). Hesford wonders if her students would be better off protesting at the state capital or continuing to provide the services/labor. Unpaid interships at private corporations effect local economies, providing free labor for the company and taking paid work from an employee. ASL, likewise, enters into labor-based relationship with worksites. Further, the service work remains feminized--a dynamic we often fail to question. Being reflexive isn't enough, for reflexivity doesn't necessarily address these material relationships.
Hesford reviews the implications of the globalized and corporatized university, including consumerist models of curriculum and pedagogy, calling upon her audience to interrogate how ASL accepts/rejects exploitative labor practices. ASL provides labor as well as value for both higher ed and community agencies and we should be aware, Hesford writes, of how specific programs impact labor and material realities. E.g., she explains how her students provided volunteer labor to a shelter that had formerly relied upon public moneys. Do ASL programs facilitate decreased state funding for social services? Further, one year the shelter failed to garner a grant for funding labor during the summer (when it felt the lack of student labor). Hesford wonders if her students would be better off protesting at the state capital or continuing to provide the services/labor. Unpaid interships at private corporations effect local economies, providing free labor for the company and taking paid work from an employee. ASL, likewise, enters into labor-based relationship with worksites. Further, the service work remains feminized--a dynamic we often fail to question. Being reflexive isn't enough, for reflexivity doesn't necessarily address these material relationships.
Thursday, August 9, 2007
Weisser
Weisser, Christian R. Moving Beyond Academic Discourse: Composition Studies and the Public Sphere. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois U.P., 2002.
Weisser narrates a brilliant, accessible, clearly articulated history of the field in his early chapters, suggesting that student-centered expressive models of process begat social constructivist views of language and knowledge, which in turn begat the social turn, which is now evolving into emphases on public writing. He sees service learning and community-based courses (forays in the public sphere) as the next step in this evolution.
Mature evolution as a field, he says, means looking toward theories from other disciplines and Weisser relies on social theory. He theorizes the notion of the "public sphere," leaning heavily on Habermas. Habermas, Weisser says, defined public sphere as a "discursive domain where private individuals debate social and political issues" in a setting apart from the state (47). Habermas bought into the myths of freedom and free and equal participation (everybody debates rationally regardless of identity) as well as the notion that the public sphere could take up issues of "common concern" (universal). Inns, coffeehouses, and pubs flourished in mid-18th century but began to decline after the liberal revolutions late in that century--many critics suggest the public sphere's been in decline ever since, a decline fostered by industrialism and the growth of capitalism. Nancy Fraser and others critiqued Habermas' notions for being idealized. Fraser argued that what is "public" and what is "common concern" are rhetorical notions (e.g., wife battering) (85).
Drawing on (critiques of) Habermas, Weisser develops his own model of public writing. Public writing happens in a particular cultural setting and is by extension shaped by context and ideology (96-97). Yes, there's a context for a given debate, but it's more than that. We also need to teach things like who has been and still is excluded from the debate: the "need to consider how ideology, racism, classism, and sexism have played significant roles" (99). Acknowledge "imbalances of power" in the debate (103). Small, local, specialized venues count--it's not just letters to the editor of a major newspaper--a local venue counts as well (104-105). The public isn't a monolithic concept; public writing need not be directed to a "diverse audience" or a "general audience." Social change happens at the local level with special interest groups who organize and mobilize one another and create "subaltern counterpublics" (106) before and during the process of reaching out. Weisser further complicates Habermas' notion of "common concern" and "public" issue as well, reiterating that a public issue need not be on the entire public's radar. In fact, it might not be (sexual orientation, e.g.) (107-109).
Finally, he critiques the over-emphasis on public writing as something that's geared toward changing minds. He returns to Habermas's notion that public sphere is apart from the state. Not so, he says, noting that public writing ought to engage the government and other apparatuses. It's not just about pontificating in a park or on an editorial page. Affect change in public policy. Contrary to Habermas's conception, affecting actual material change is part of the public sphere. "Students' public writing can have significant, tangible, immediate results if it is directed toward publics where both debate and decision making are central goals. As facilitators of public writing, it is important that we help students locate strong publics where their voices can lead to action" (111).
Weisser narrates a brilliant, accessible, clearly articulated history of the field in his early chapters, suggesting that student-centered expressive models of process begat social constructivist views of language and knowledge, which in turn begat the social turn, which is now evolving into emphases on public writing. He sees service learning and community-based courses (forays in the public sphere) as the next step in this evolution.
Mature evolution as a field, he says, means looking toward theories from other disciplines and Weisser relies on social theory. He theorizes the notion of the "public sphere," leaning heavily on Habermas. Habermas, Weisser says, defined public sphere as a "discursive domain where private individuals debate social and political issues" in a setting apart from the state (47). Habermas bought into the myths of freedom and free and equal participation (everybody debates rationally regardless of identity) as well as the notion that the public sphere could take up issues of "common concern" (universal). Inns, coffeehouses, and pubs flourished in mid-18th century but began to decline after the liberal revolutions late in that century--many critics suggest the public sphere's been in decline ever since, a decline fostered by industrialism and the growth of capitalism. Nancy Fraser and others critiqued Habermas' notions for being idealized. Fraser argued that what is "public" and what is "common concern" are rhetorical notions (e.g., wife battering) (85).
Drawing on (critiques of) Habermas, Weisser develops his own model of public writing. Public writing happens in a particular cultural setting and is by extension shaped by context and ideology (96-97). Yes, there's a context for a given debate, but it's more than that. We also need to teach things like who has been and still is excluded from the debate: the "need to consider how ideology, racism, classism, and sexism have played significant roles" (99). Acknowledge "imbalances of power" in the debate (103). Small, local, specialized venues count--it's not just letters to the editor of a major newspaper--a local venue counts as well (104-105). The public isn't a monolithic concept; public writing need not be directed to a "diverse audience" or a "general audience." Social change happens at the local level with special interest groups who organize and mobilize one another and create "subaltern counterpublics" (106) before and during the process of reaching out. Weisser further complicates Habermas' notion of "common concern" and "public" issue as well, reiterating that a public issue need not be on the entire public's radar. In fact, it might not be (sexual orientation, e.g.) (107-109).
Finally, he critiques the over-emphasis on public writing as something that's geared toward changing minds. He returns to Habermas's notion that public sphere is apart from the state. Not so, he says, noting that public writing ought to engage the government and other apparatuses. It's not just about pontificating in a park or on an editorial page. Affect change in public policy. Contrary to Habermas's conception, affecting actual material change is part of the public sphere. "Students' public writing can have significant, tangible, immediate results if it is directed toward publics where both debate and decision making are central goals. As facilitators of public writing, it is important that we help students locate strong publics where their voices can lead to action" (111).
Bickford and Reynolds
Bickford, Donna M., and Nedra Reynolds. "Activism and Service Learning: Reframing Volunteerism as Acts of Dissent." Pedagogy 2 (2002): 229-252.
Bickford and Reynolds notice that their service learning students often express enthusiasm for volunteering but a negative, resistant attitude toward activism. They wonder what the causes and implications of this trend might be. They critique the ASL literature as well as practices for not emphasizing two specific kinds of context: history and geography: "too often infused with the volunteer ethos...that ignores the structural reasons to help others" (230).
They mean to theorize activism as a complementary pedagogy/practice to ASL. In ASL "relationships are clearly based on difference" (237)--us and them, university and agency, but move toward a difference-erasing community-unity. "Activism argues for relationships based on connection" (237): grassroots organizing where various agents agitate for an issue, "a shared goal of creating social change" (237), but acknowledges that difference matters.
Change student anti-activism perception by teaching the history of consciousness-raising (eg, feminism) and organizing (Jane Addams, Dorothy Day, everyday struggles). Get students engaged critically with the politics of space and place via critical methodologies like mapping neighborhoods and even just the campus. They want to "...keep the emphasis of their work on the structural formations of communities rather on their individual members" (243). Give students choice in determining projects--even if they choose acts of dissent in support of causes we despise.
Some thoughts: At what point does place-based pedagogy become de-humanized? I wonder this about Reynolds other work too--while I'm drawn to the materiality of place, I want to revise this into a person-in-place pedagogy. Kind of like a text-in-context pedagogy. That person-in-place model (Loeb is useful here) seems to be the most material rhetoric of all. Does volunteering have an affective component ("happy talk") that activism lacks? After all, activism has an agonistic component (working class) that's at odds with middle-class decorum of higher ed.
Bickford and Reynolds notice that their service learning students often express enthusiasm for volunteering but a negative, resistant attitude toward activism. They wonder what the causes and implications of this trend might be. They critique the ASL literature as well as practices for not emphasizing two specific kinds of context: history and geography: "too often infused with the volunteer ethos...that ignores the structural reasons to help others" (230).
They mean to theorize activism as a complementary pedagogy/practice to ASL. In ASL "relationships are clearly based on difference" (237)--us and them, university and agency, but move toward a difference-erasing community-unity. "Activism argues for relationships based on connection" (237): grassroots organizing where various agents agitate for an issue, "a shared goal of creating social change" (237), but acknowledges that difference matters.
Change student anti-activism perception by teaching the history of consciousness-raising (eg, feminism) and organizing (Jane Addams, Dorothy Day, everyday struggles). Get students engaged critically with the politics of space and place via critical methodologies like mapping neighborhoods and even just the campus. They want to "...keep the emphasis of their work on the structural formations of communities rather on their individual members" (243). Give students choice in determining projects--even if they choose acts of dissent in support of causes we despise.
Some thoughts: At what point does place-based pedagogy become de-humanized? I wonder this about Reynolds other work too--while I'm drawn to the materiality of place, I want to revise this into a person-in-place pedagogy. Kind of like a text-in-context pedagogy. That person-in-place model (Loeb is useful here) seems to be the most material rhetoric of all. Does volunteering have an affective component ("happy talk") that activism lacks? After all, activism has an agonistic component (working class) that's at odds with middle-class decorum of higher ed.
Monday, August 6, 2007
Deans
Deans, Thomas. Writing Partnerships: Service Learning in Composition. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 2000.
A comprehensive overview of relationship between composition and ASL. Sees ASL as an extension of Dewey's experiential ed. and pragmatism and Freire's notion of critical praxis. Classifies ASL projects into three camps: writing FOR the community (often genre-based, with the advantage of providing real rhetorical situations), ABOUT the community (reflection-based, emphasis on some combination of personal growth and analysis), and WITH the community (encompassing collaborative-based work often involving hybrid discourses). Deans resists advocating one of these, instead suggesting we use his schema as a heuristic for asking what our own pedagogical goals are.
A comprehensive overview of relationship between composition and ASL. Sees ASL as an extension of Dewey's experiential ed. and pragmatism and Freire's notion of critical praxis. Classifies ASL projects into three camps: writing FOR the community (often genre-based, with the advantage of providing real rhetorical situations), ABOUT the community (reflection-based, emphasis on some combination of personal growth and analysis), and WITH the community (encompassing collaborative-based work often involving hybrid discourses). Deans resists advocating one of these, instead suggesting we use his schema as a heuristic for asking what our own pedagogical goals are.
Cushman, b
Cushman, Ellen. "The Public Intellectual, Service Learning, and Activist Research." College English 61 (1999): 328-336.
Cushman argues that we should broaden our conception of 'public intellectual' to account for the democratic gains being made by ASL and activist research initiatives. Instead of just looking at NYTimes editorialists as public intellectuals, we should consider the literacy workers, activists on the ground, volunteers, etc. to also be part of that group.
Cushman argues that we should broaden our conception of 'public intellectual' to account for the democratic gains being made by ASL and activist research initiatives. Instead of just looking at NYTimes editorialists as public intellectuals, we should consider the literacy workers, activists on the ground, volunteers, etc. to also be part of that group.
Cushman
Cushman, Ellen. "Sustainable Service Learing Programs." College Composition and Communication 54 (2002): 40-65.
Cushman argues that the best ASL programs address needs of ALL stakeholders, especially the agency. In and out model and end-of-term-research-project models leave agencies out in the cold, very often. The role of the professor is paramount: integrate teaching, research, and service and create a collaborative atmosphere of mutuality/reciprocity. Sustain attention on issues and sustain involvement at particular sites. Tells us to foreground partner needs.
"When the professor takes intellectual risks alongside students and with community partners, the professor ensures that (1) the students' and scholar's writing and thinking address community needs and writing tasks; (2) students and scholars have well-defined methodologies guiding the group inquiry and problem solving; and (3) the course materials, discussions, workshops, assignments, observations, and volunteer time are well integrated to form a unified curriculum" (44).
Cushman argues that the best ASL programs address needs of ALL stakeholders, especially the agency. In and out model and end-of-term-research-project models leave agencies out in the cold, very often. The role of the professor is paramount: integrate teaching, research, and service and create a collaborative atmosphere of mutuality/reciprocity. Sustain attention on issues and sustain involvement at particular sites. Tells us to foreground partner needs.
"When the professor takes intellectual risks alongside students and with community partners, the professor ensures that (1) the students' and scholar's writing and thinking address community needs and writing tasks; (2) students and scholars have well-defined methodologies guiding the group inquiry and problem solving; and (3) the course materials, discussions, workshops, assignments, observations, and volunteer time are well integrated to form a unified curriculum" (44).
Coogan, b
Coogan, David. "Service Learning and Social Change: The Case for Materialist Rhetoric." College Composition and Communication 57 (2006): 667-693.
"The promise is not just to make good citizens but to enable student-citizens to write for social change" (667). Actual production of rhetoric is too often neglected in favor of analysis/consumption of rhetoric by ASL programs. Coogan argues in favor of a material rhetoric model where students produce actual texts: "not just a case for rhetorical activism in service learning but a case for rhetorical scholarship in the public sphere" (670).
His material model is one of ADVOCACY: discovery, analysis, production, assessment. This process starts with getting out into the local context, inquiring into context, analyzing material conditions, producting rhetoric and evaluating efficacy. Coogan describes project in Chicago Public Schools to illustrate this model.
"The promise is not just to make good citizens but to enable student-citizens to write for social change" (667). Actual production of rhetoric is too often neglected in favor of analysis/consumption of rhetoric by ASL programs. Coogan argues in favor of a material rhetoric model where students produce actual texts: "not just a case for rhetorical activism in service learning but a case for rhetorical scholarship in the public sphere" (670).
His material model is one of ADVOCACY: discovery, analysis, production, assessment. This process starts with getting out into the local context, inquiring into context, analyzing material conditions, producting rhetoric and evaluating efficacy. Coogan describes project in Chicago Public Schools to illustrate this model.
Himley
Himley, Margaret. "Facing (up to) 'The Stranger' in Community Service Learning." College Composition and Communication 55 (2004): 416-438.
In feminst and po-co studies, 'the stranger' is one who is fetishized and/or feared, and "haunts the project of community service learning" (417). Even ASL projects rooted in reciprocity (a la Cushman) contend with power assymetries--the need to exploit, even if just to get a story (ethnography, for example)--but we nonetheless need to keep envisioning projects that foster social justice. The dilemmas have no answers, but we need to keep encountering the stranger nonetheless. The stranger "reveals the power assymetries, social antagonisms, and historical detriments that are all too often concealed by discourses of volunteerism or civic literacy" (417).
In feminst and po-co studies, 'the stranger' is one who is fetishized and/or feared, and "haunts the project of community service learning" (417). Even ASL projects rooted in reciprocity (a la Cushman) contend with power assymetries--the need to exploit, even if just to get a story (ethnography, for example)--but we nonetheless need to keep envisioning projects that foster social justice. The dilemmas have no answers, but we need to keep encountering the stranger nonetheless. The stranger "reveals the power assymetries, social antagonisms, and historical detriments that are all too often concealed by discourses of volunteerism or civic literacy" (417).
Coogan
Coogan, David. "Counterpublics in Public Housing: Reframing the Politics of Service Learning." College English 67 (2005): 461-482.
ASL, Coogan says, provides an opportunity to at once challenge perceptions of 'city' and 'other' when we frame ASL as "a jumping-off point for addressing community issues" (462). Reflection, yes, but action too--an examination of how the "private" (personal selves/individuals expressing themselves discursively) and "public" (civic spaces with all their material realities) ... "inform each other in the communities we wish to serve" (462). The discursive and material intersect in the realm of the "counterpublic"--where various agents construct oppositional posititons to convince "outsiders to think or behave differently about issues" (465).
Reframe politics of ASL such that we avoid 'personal growth' mode, which neglects materiality and social analysis and fosters "naive identification with the other" (476). Give students a space to engage in counter-public discourse, which is both rhetorical (tell stories, use language) and material (via argumentation about real issues and lived experiences). Use a "Christian love ethic that takes the invidiual (and individual development) as the primary unit of analysis" (480).
ASL, Coogan says, provides an opportunity to at once challenge perceptions of 'city' and 'other' when we frame ASL as "a jumping-off point for addressing community issues" (462). Reflection, yes, but action too--an examination of how the "private" (personal selves/individuals expressing themselves discursively) and "public" (civic spaces with all their material realities) ... "inform each other in the communities we wish to serve" (462). The discursive and material intersect in the realm of the "counterpublic"--where various agents construct oppositional posititons to convince "outsiders to think or behave differently about issues" (465).
Reframe politics of ASL such that we avoid 'personal growth' mode, which neglects materiality and social analysis and fosters "naive identification with the other" (476). Give students a space to engage in counter-public discourse, which is both rhetorical (tell stories, use language) and material (via argumentation about real issues and lived experiences). Use a "Christian love ethic that takes the invidiual (and individual development) as the primary unit of analysis" (480).
Welch
Welch, Nancy. "'And Now that I Know Them': Composing Mutuality in a Service Learning Course." College Composition and Communication 54 (2002): 243-263.
Welch says that writing/composing is crucial for any ASL course because the process of discovery encompasses not only intellectual discovery but also ethical-civic discovery. But further theoretical frames are necessary to push ASL students beyond default subject-object relationships ('I'm the agent helping a helpless object'). Goal: composing a subject-subject relationship. She turns to feminist object-relations theory, which "pinpoints a crucial ingredient in that relationship: the ability to recognize others as subjects whose lives both overlap and exceed one's own" (248).
Welch says that writing/composing is crucial for any ASL course because the process of discovery encompasses not only intellectual discovery but also ethical-civic discovery. But further theoretical frames are necessary to push ASL students beyond default subject-object relationships ('I'm the agent helping a helpless object'). Goal: composing a subject-subject relationship. She turns to feminist object-relations theory, which "pinpoints a crucial ingredient in that relationship: the ability to recognize others as subjects whose lives both overlap and exceed one's own" (248).
Green
Green, Ann. "Difficult Stories: Service-Learning, Race, Class, and Whiteness." College Composition and Communication 55 (2003): 276-301.
Green argues for the inclusion of more stories about race and class in our ASL stories (in both scholarship and in the classroom). Foreground identity markers in order to work toward social change. Dealing with race and class is a way to tell "difficult stories" and avoid side-stepping issues of power, which inevitably arise when doing ASL. Race and class help to fill in context in which service happens.
She also suggests that field notes are a better genre than a reflection journal, as notes emphasize analysis and observation, not just feelings.
Green argues for the inclusion of more stories about race and class in our ASL stories (in both scholarship and in the classroom). Foreground identity markers in order to work toward social change. Dealing with race and class is a way to tell "difficult stories" and avoid side-stepping issues of power, which inevitably arise when doing ASL. Race and class help to fill in context in which service happens.
She also suggests that field notes are a better genre than a reflection journal, as notes emphasize analysis and observation, not just feelings.
Tuesday, July 31, 2007
Cooper and Julier
Cooper, David D., and Laura Julier. "Democratic Conversations: Civic Literacy and Service-Learning in the American Grains." Writing the Community: Concepts and Models for Service Learning in Composition. Ed. Linda Adler-Kassner et al. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education, 1997. 79-94.
Cooper and Julier report on experiences with American Thought and Language first-year seminars at Michigan State. They designate special sections as asl sections, themed around 'public life in America' guided by three principles: 1) rhetorical lessons of real-world facilitate good writing pedagogy, 2) project-based writing at sites fosters "higher-order academic discourse skills," and 3) juxtaposing academic lessons and projects advanced civic education (82).
They write, "This particular line of philosophical inquiry and practical pedagogy views the writing classroom, in short, as a moral and civic venue, a place where moral sensibility, critical literacy, and the arts of public discourse, leavened by reflective and connected learning, develop hand-in-hand" (83). They worry that information overload has damaged public life to the point that it's become "anemic" (85). ASL goes beyond critique and gets students thinking about complicated, messy "solutions" to problems (92).
Cooper and Julier report on experiences with American Thought and Language first-year seminars at Michigan State. They designate special sections as asl sections, themed around 'public life in America' guided by three principles: 1) rhetorical lessons of real-world facilitate good writing pedagogy, 2) project-based writing at sites fosters "higher-order academic discourse skills," and 3) juxtaposing academic lessons and projects advanced civic education (82).
They write, "This particular line of philosophical inquiry and practical pedagogy views the writing classroom, in short, as a moral and civic venue, a place where moral sensibility, critical literacy, and the arts of public discourse, leavened by reflective and connected learning, develop hand-in-hand" (83). They worry that information overload has damaged public life to the point that it's become "anemic" (85). ASL goes beyond critique and gets students thinking about complicated, messy "solutions" to problems (92).
Heilker
Heilker, Paul. "Rhetoric Made Real: Civic Discourse and Writing Beyond the Curriculum." Writing the Community: Concepts and Models for Service Learning in Composition. Ed. Linda Adler-Kassner et al. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education, 1997. 71-77.
Go beyond the classroom to give students real rhetorical situation and also "to understand writing as social action" (71). Rhetorical understanding happens when students do real writing projects at agencies. Give them choice to avoid indoctrinating with a particular political position and transcend the warm-up model of student writing: "calisthentics before the big game" (76).
Go beyond the classroom to give students real rhetorical situation and also "to understand writing as social action" (71). Rhetorical understanding happens when students do real writing projects at agencies. Give them choice to avoid indoctrinating with a particular political position and transcend the warm-up model of student writing: "calisthentics before the big game" (76).
Herzberg
Herzberg, Bruce. "Community Service and Critical Teaching." Writing the Community: Concepts and Models for Service Learning in Composition. Ed. Linda Adler-Kassner et al. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education, 1997. 57-69. (Rpt. CCC 1994)
Reports on project-based ASL at Bentley College and finds that "service learning generates a social conscience" (58)--but that oftentimes middle-class student response is personal and rooted in charity, as opposed to stemming from a contextual, activist, or justice-based approach to social change: "I don't believe that questions about social structures, ideology, and social justice are automatically raised by community service. From my own experience, I am quite sure they are not" (59). He finds that students recognize systemic injustice in texts (Mike Rose, Jonathan Kozol) more easily than in their own lived experiences at work sites, but that slowly, a deeper understanding of social structures became part of student repertoire. ASL can help universities be "radically democratic institutions, with the goal not only of making individual students more successful but also of making better citizens, citizens in the strongest sense of those who take responsibility for communal welfare. These efforts belong int he composition class because of the rhetorical as well as the practical nature of citizenship and social transformation" (66).
Reports on project-based ASL at Bentley College and finds that "service learning generates a social conscience" (58)--but that oftentimes middle-class student response is personal and rooted in charity, as opposed to stemming from a contextual, activist, or justice-based approach to social change: "I don't believe that questions about social structures, ideology, and social justice are automatically raised by community service. From my own experience, I am quite sure they are not" (59). He finds that students recognize systemic injustice in texts (Mike Rose, Jonathan Kozol) more easily than in their own lived experiences at work sites, but that slowly, a deeper understanding of social structures became part of student repertoire. ASL can help universities be "radically democratic institutions, with the goal not only of making individual students more successful but also of making better citizens, citizens in the strongest sense of those who take responsibility for communal welfare. These efforts belong int he composition class because of the rhetorical as well as the practical nature of citizenship and social transformation" (66).
Bacon
Bacon, Nora. "Community Service Writing: Problems, Challenges, Questions." Writing the Community: Concepts and Models for Service Learning in Composition. Ed. Linda Adler-Kassner et al. Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education, 1997. 39-55.
Bacon discusses the work of the Community Service Writing (CSW) program at Stanford and San Fran State U, finding that students were largely enthusiastic and engaged and at times deepened and changed their political beliefs about given issues. Bacon finds that students "were functioning not as students but as writers" (42), thanks to ASL providing a real rhetorical situation (no longer writing just for the teaacher). She expresses concern that writing for agencies can sometimes foster authenticity or voice--since now students are writing for the agency instead of themselves. One way to deal in part with this problematic is to provide students with choice in what agency they serve (45). Bacon is also concerned about evaluating the genres that stem from ASL partnerships but advocates inviting site supervisors to assess; she worries, though, that this potentially can compromise the teacher's authority.
Many of the assumptions and ideas here (the emphasis on students and institutions) are critiqued in much of the later ASL scholarship (Matthieu, Grabill, much of Ellen Cushman's work). Bacon doesn't deal with the problematic of burdening sites with more work and she certainly doesn't foreground preferential option.
Bacon discusses the work of the Community Service Writing (CSW) program at Stanford and San Fran State U, finding that students were largely enthusiastic and engaged and at times deepened and changed their political beliefs about given issues. Bacon finds that students "were functioning not as students but as writers" (42), thanks to ASL providing a real rhetorical situation (no longer writing just for the teaacher). She expresses concern that writing for agencies can sometimes foster authenticity or voice--since now students are writing for the agency instead of themselves. One way to deal in part with this problematic is to provide students with choice in what agency they serve (45). Bacon is also concerned about evaluating the genres that stem from ASL partnerships but advocates inviting site supervisors to assess; she worries, though, that this potentially can compromise the teacher's authority.
Many of the assumptions and ideas here (the emphasis on students and institutions) are critiqued in much of the later ASL scholarship (Matthieu, Grabill, much of Ellen Cushman's work). Bacon doesn't deal with the problematic of burdening sites with more work and she certainly doesn't foreground preferential option.
Friday, July 27, 2007
Mathieu
Mathieu, Paula. Tactics of Hope: The Public Turn in English Composition. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook and Heinemann, 2005.
Matthieu defines street (her preferred term in lieu of community, worksite, etc.) as places off campus that have unique spatial politics and rhetorical practices. The term is racially coded but at least reminds us of problematic assumptions unlike empty signifiers like "site of service." She proposes TACTICS as preferred practices for engaging with the street--preferred, that is, over "strategic logics," the university's usual way of engaging. She writes, "A strategic orientation seeks to control spaces and create institutional relationships with an 'other' in the community" (xiv). STRATEGIES include dynamics like a search for stability, control, sustainability, and "measurable student outcomes" (xiv). She also calls this a "problem orientation," essentially a deficit model where the academics fix that which is broken. "The goal," she writes, "of charity or a problem orientation is to decrease the prevalence of a given problem. It often involves strategic initatives and long-term plans" (xix). Her notion largely comes from de Certeau (Practice of Everyday Life), who sees strategies as official actions, sanctioned by state appartuses, creating stability.
TACTICS, on the other hand, are rhetorical, project-based (often small in scope), locally/collaboratively defined, changing, "grounded in both time and place" (xv), and most crucially involve "hope." "...this approach seeks tactical uses of time and resources to celebrate, encourage, or develop those aspects of a body that are already working" (xix). Thus, "hope." Mathieu says, "I find this tactical orientation both exciting and deeply humbling, one that is grounded in hope but in a critical manifestation of hope, one that is based in action and proceeds with eyes open" (xix). Here, too, she relies on de Certeau, who sees tactics as temporal responses to uncontroled situations.
Mathieu reviews evidence of comp's social turn--such as service learning and place-based writing pedagogies and various versions of public intellectualism, situating these trends within Dewey, Freire, liberation theology, marxism, and British cultural studies. She argues that the corporatiziation of the university has led many institutions to push movement to the street, which they can market and use as branding opportunities. But she also sees a more genuine hope: "This desire to be a connected agent in the world, active in ways other than as a consumer (see Mathieu 1999), is a healthy hope, one shared by many faculty and students" (14). And also, "...we seek to overcome feelings of cynicism about our ability to be relevant in the world and embrace some form of optimism" (14).
"To hope, then, is to look critically at one's present condition, assess what is missing, and then long for and work for a not-yet reality, a future anticipated. It is grounded in imaginative acts and projects, including art and writing, as vehicles for invoking a better future" (19). She turns to a homeless activist whose writing is timely, always evolving, part of an ongoing attempt to provoke, anger, and make people laugh. The immediate outcome is not always known or demonstrable. This is a TACTIC. The Streetwise paper (a homeless periodical), similarly, foregounds the act of writing together as an end in itself. Finally, Not Your Mama's Bus Tour, was about the performance itself (the outcome was unpredictable). According to Mathieu, we ought to resist the transactional notion that civic writing must immediately do something (50).
Her next example: her own Literatures of Homelessness courses. "It is imperative to get beyond the initial blush of satisfaction in doing communally or socially engaged work and ask the difficult questions that follow" (60). She says that civic engagement courses (ASL, etc.) must invite significant collaboration from community partners (they should never be an afterthought) who the institution should compensate and value and stem from personal relationships with them, not careerist moves on the part of faculty. The classes should involve small interventions (tactical projects) in local situations, but with an eye on global context. She sums up, "Consider what a project orientation instead of a problem orientation allows you and your students to accomplish. Projects should begin with community needs and not merely seek out places to serve" (82).
Finally, Mathieu shares horror stories that revolve around students and faculty not respecting the time of agencies: breaking appointments, failing to sustain involvement at a site, etc. She claims these problematic practices stem from top-down, institutionalized service learning projects...initiatives that don't stem from a community need but rather an institution trying to market itself or an academic doing a sanctioned, pre-fab experiment. Tactical, personal, unofficial, grassroots projects are better, she says. She tells stories of Howard Zinn, Diana George, and Sandra Andrews, whose civic engagement illustrates the value of tactical intervention.
Matthieu defines street (her preferred term in lieu of community, worksite, etc.) as places off campus that have unique spatial politics and rhetorical practices. The term is racially coded but at least reminds us of problematic assumptions unlike empty signifiers like "site of service." She proposes TACTICS as preferred practices for engaging with the street--preferred, that is, over "strategic logics," the university's usual way of engaging. She writes, "A strategic orientation seeks to control spaces and create institutional relationships with an 'other' in the community" (xiv). STRATEGIES include dynamics like a search for stability, control, sustainability, and "measurable student outcomes" (xiv). She also calls this a "problem orientation," essentially a deficit model where the academics fix that which is broken. "The goal," she writes, "of charity or a problem orientation is to decrease the prevalence of a given problem. It often involves strategic initatives and long-term plans" (xix). Her notion largely comes from de Certeau (Practice of Everyday Life), who sees strategies as official actions, sanctioned by state appartuses, creating stability.
TACTICS, on the other hand, are rhetorical, project-based (often small in scope), locally/collaboratively defined, changing, "grounded in both time and place" (xv), and most crucially involve "hope." "...this approach seeks tactical uses of time and resources to celebrate, encourage, or develop those aspects of a body that are already working" (xix). Thus, "hope." Mathieu says, "I find this tactical orientation both exciting and deeply humbling, one that is grounded in hope but in a critical manifestation of hope, one that is based in action and proceeds with eyes open" (xix). Here, too, she relies on de Certeau, who sees tactics as temporal responses to uncontroled situations.
Mathieu reviews evidence of comp's social turn--such as service learning and place-based writing pedagogies and various versions of public intellectualism, situating these trends within Dewey, Freire, liberation theology, marxism, and British cultural studies. She argues that the corporatiziation of the university has led many institutions to push movement to the street, which they can market and use as branding opportunities. But she also sees a more genuine hope: "This desire to be a connected agent in the world, active in ways other than as a consumer (see Mathieu 1999), is a healthy hope, one shared by many faculty and students" (14). And also, "...we seek to overcome feelings of cynicism about our ability to be relevant in the world and embrace some form of optimism" (14).
"To hope, then, is to look critically at one's present condition, assess what is missing, and then long for and work for a not-yet reality, a future anticipated. It is grounded in imaginative acts and projects, including art and writing, as vehicles for invoking a better future" (19). She turns to a homeless activist whose writing is timely, always evolving, part of an ongoing attempt to provoke, anger, and make people laugh. The immediate outcome is not always known or demonstrable. This is a TACTIC. The Streetwise paper (a homeless periodical), similarly, foregounds the act of writing together as an end in itself. Finally, Not Your Mama's Bus Tour, was about the performance itself (the outcome was unpredictable). According to Mathieu, we ought to resist the transactional notion that civic writing must immediately do something (50).
Her next example: her own Literatures of Homelessness courses. "It is imperative to get beyond the initial blush of satisfaction in doing communally or socially engaged work and ask the difficult questions that follow" (60). She says that civic engagement courses (ASL, etc.) must invite significant collaboration from community partners (they should never be an afterthought) who the institution should compensate and value and stem from personal relationships with them, not careerist moves on the part of faculty. The classes should involve small interventions (tactical projects) in local situations, but with an eye on global context. She sums up, "Consider what a project orientation instead of a problem orientation allows you and your students to accomplish. Projects should begin with community needs and not merely seek out places to serve" (82).
Finally, Mathieu shares horror stories that revolve around students and faculty not respecting the time of agencies: breaking appointments, failing to sustain involvement at a site, etc. She claims these problematic practices stem from top-down, institutionalized service learning projects...initiatives that don't stem from a community need but rather an institution trying to market itself or an academic doing a sanctioned, pre-fab experiment. Tactical, personal, unofficial, grassroots projects are better, she says. She tells stories of Howard Zinn, Diana George, and Sandra Andrews, whose civic engagement illustrates the value of tactical intervention.
Thursday, July 26, 2007
Amare and Grettano
Amare, Nicole, and Teresa Grettano. "Writing Outreach as Community Engagement." Writing Program Administration 30 (2007): 57-74.
Amare and Grettano describe a campus initiative called Writing Outreach, a free writing-center-type service for students, faculty, staff, as well as community members, framing the project as an alternative to service learning that isn't course-based and doesn't require significant time committments on the part of students. The project creates a space where various agents interact, not to mention write, with one another. They write, "Our goal is to continue to provide a space where this alternative to traditional service learning can occur, wher the faculty perform the service and the participants--students and community members alike--learn about writing and community engagement partially from us but mostly from each other" (63). They try to avoid problematic relationships between campus-community (e.g., university representative as savior of neighborhood) because all the agents mingle with one another in a more equitable, albeit campus, setting. Even moreso, they revise definition of "community" to include campus, instead of the troubling 'us and them' trope.
Amare and Grettano describe a campus initiative called Writing Outreach, a free writing-center-type service for students, faculty, staff, as well as community members, framing the project as an alternative to service learning that isn't course-based and doesn't require significant time committments on the part of students. The project creates a space where various agents interact, not to mention write, with one another. They write, "Our goal is to continue to provide a space where this alternative to traditional service learning can occur, wher the faculty perform the service and the participants--students and community members alike--learn about writing and community engagement partially from us but mostly from each other" (63). They try to avoid problematic relationships between campus-community (e.g., university representative as savior of neighborhood) because all the agents mingle with one another in a more equitable, albeit campus, setting. Even moreso, they revise definition of "community" to include campus, instead of the troubling 'us and them' trope.
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